SB-inspired cell engineering with efficient design, specificity, and control can maximize therapeutic effects while minimizing side effects. 12, 15, 16 Medical SB utilizes rationally designed therapeutic gene circuits, which can be implanted into the human body via vectors to correct the targeted defect. 13, 14 Such cell-based sensors and therapies could achieve more specific detection and treat diseases on a much broader scale. The main goal of medical SB is to genetically modify cells and redesign/synthesize regulatory systems to assist in disease diagnosis and treatment. 11, 12 SB-inspired cell engineering can be commercialized for medical and healthcare. 8– 10Įngineered cells can have various applications, including the production of industrial or pharmaceutical compounds and increasing agricultural productivity by alleviating pathogens and environmental challenges. In addition, mathematical models for functional module simulation and prediction help streamline circuit design for the development of invaluable research tools. Meanwhile, innovative modification and creative assembly of signaling and communication systems can further optimize cell engineering. Whole-genome synthesis, redesign, and reconstruction allow generating of artificial biomimetic/minimal cells, while atomic or module/domain-level protein engineering offers high specificity and controllability over more complex functions. Appropriate interface design makes modules detachable, improving their stability and compatibility in different environments. 5– 7 Engineered and standardized functional modules are the strengths of SB. 4 SB-inspired cell factory engineering for industrial applications, in a narrow concept, is about using renewable biomass resources as raw materials and synthetic assembly of existing components from microbial or animal cells to produce various products. 1– 3 SB applies engineering principles to genetically design and transform cells or living organisms by constructing biological functional components, devices, and systems, creating or reinventing biological modules to meet human needs, or even creating novel biological systems. Synthetic biology (SB) is one of the fastest-growing and most dynamic multidisciplinary fields comprising different projects, approaches, and definitions. Modern science is becoming highly multidisciplinary to promote the innovation of new theories and technologies.
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